Colella, M., Parkinson, A., Evans, T., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2009, 'The recovery of latent fingermarks from evidence exposed to ionizing radiation', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1-8.
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Bojko, K.L., Roux, C.P. & Reedy, B.J. 2008, 'An examination of the sequence of intersecting lines using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectral imaging', Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1458-1467.
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Choi, M., McBean, K.E., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Lennard, L.J. & Roux, C.P. 2008, 'An evaluation of nanostructured zinc oxide as a fluorescent powder for fingerprint detection', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 732-737.
Choi, M., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J. & Roux, C.P. 2008, 'Metal-containing Nanoparticles and Nano-structured Particles in Fingermark Detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 179, no. 2-3, pp. 87-97.
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This article reviews the application of metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles to fingermark detection. This area of research is attracting significant interest as advances in nanoscience are being incorporated into the field of forensic fingermark detection. Although more research is needed before some of the techniques presented can be implemented in routine casework, nanotechnology is likely to play a major role in the future to deliver more selective and more sensitive ways to detect and enhance fingermarks.
huttunen, J., Doble, P.A., Dawson, M., Roux, C.P. & Robertson, J. 2008, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 2: discrimination of packaging tapes by colour', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 73-83.
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The authors have considered routine exploitation of physical evidence from seized shipments of illicit drugs for intelligence purposes. Part 1 of this series addressed the identification of polymer type within the adhesive pf packaging tapes and raised important issues with regard to how data should be collated in a databse as a basis for reliable drug intelligence. this article expands onthis topic by addressingt eh sue of colour for achieving the same aim. By using a relatively simple instrumental technique to analyse opaque 'brown' packaging tapes, it was found that colour was an effective way to discriminate between different adhesive tape samples. However, unitial results showed that the analysis of colour in packaging tapes was more complex than assigning seminsubjective names to particular hues (e.g. light brown, greenm brown etc). Instead, samples in the population often differed only slightly from one another and hence proved difficult to categorise. Thus, a database or analyst must avoid using such 'discrete' labels and instead make use of 'continuous' numerical data. Here, CIELab chromaticity coordinates were used to define representative colour spaces for each tape sample and these were then compared to determine whether two such volumes intersected. This process would decide whether or not the sampes could be discriminated. While several sets of data were compared, further work needs to be carried out into the consistency of colour within single rolls of tape or batches of tape.
Raymond, J.J., Walsh, S.J., Van Oorschot, R., Gunn, P., Evans, L. & Roux, C.P. 2008, 'Assessing trace DNA evidence from a residential burglary: abundance, transfer and persistence', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 442-443.
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Raymond, J.J., Van Oorschot, R., Walsh, S.J. & Roux, C.P. 2008, 'Do you know what your neighbour is doing?. A multi-jurisdictional survey', Forensic Scince International: Genetics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19-28.
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Since 1997 the analysis of DNA recovered from handled objects or 'trace' DNA has become routine and is frequently demanded from crime scene examinations. However, this anlaysis often produces unpredictable results. The factors affecting the recovery of full profiles are numerous and include varying methods of collectiona nd analysis. Communication between forensic laboratories in Australia and New Zealand has been limited in the past due in some part to sheet distance. Because of its relatively small population and low number of forensic jurisdictions this region is in an excelllent position to provide a collective approach. However, the protocols training methods and research of each jurisdiction had not been widely exchanged. A survey was developed to benchmark the current practices involved in trace DNA analysis, aiming to provide information for training programs and research directions, and to identy factors contributing to the success or failure of the analysis.
Salama, J., Aumeer-Donovan, S.B., Lennard, L.J. & Roux, C.P. 2008, 'Evaluation of the fingermark reagent oil red O as a possible replacement for physical developer', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 203-237.
Walsh, S.J., Buckleton, J.S., Ribaux, O., Roux, C.P. & Raymond, T. 2008, 'Comparing the growth effectiveness of forensic DNA databases', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 667-668.
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Choi, M., Smoother, T., Martin, A., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2007, 'Fluorescent TiO2 powders prepared using a new perylene diimide dye: Applications in latent fingermark detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 154-160.
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A new, highly fluorescent dye was synthesised using oleylamine combined with a perylene dianhydride compound. The new dye was characterised by H-1 NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as quantum yield. The dye was absorbed onto
Hoile, R.J., Walsh, S.J. & Roux, C.P. 2007, 'Bioterrorism: Processing Contaminated Evidence, The Effects Of Formaldehyde Gas On The Recovery Of Latent Fingermarks', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1097-1102.
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In the present age of heightened emphasis on counter terrorism, law enforcement and forensic science are constantly evolving and adapting to the motivations and capabilities of terrorist groups and individuals. The use of biological agents on a populatio
huttunen, J., Austin, C.E., Dawson, M., Roux, C.P. & Robertson, J. 2007, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 1: rationale based on hierarchic distribution of drugs using pyrolysis gas chromatography -mass spectrometry as an example', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 93-106.
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A complementary intelligence-gathering tool is described for drug-crime investigation. Scientific analysis and interpretation of packaging materials from seized shipments of illicit drugs will assist law enforcement by creating a more holistic description of each seizure, thus allowing further inferences to be drawn and ultimately assisting in a more thorough understanding of the flow of drugs to or within a particular jurisdiction. The approach is intended as an extension to chemical and physical profiling methods already applied to the actual seized drugs by many law enforcement organisations around the world.
Adhesives from 98 rolls of packaging tape were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) for the purposes of determining the types of polymers commonly found in such samples. Using these results as an example, models outlined within this document describe how drug and packaging analysis can complement each other, and how such data can be used in an intelligence capacity. Some limitations of the approach are also identified and discussed.
Payne, G.L., Langlois, N.E., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2007, 'Applying Visible Hyperspectral (chemical) Imaging To Estimate The Age Of Bruises', Medicine Science And The Law, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 225-232.
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Hyperspectral (chemical) imaging collects spectroscopic data in a two-dimensional spatial format. The potential application for the determination of the age of bruises is demonstrated and compared to reflectance probe spectrophotometry as well as photogr
Stoilovic, M., Lennard, C.J., Wallace - Kunkel, C.S. & Roux, C.P. 2007, 'Evaluation of a 1,2-Indanedione Formulation Containing Zinc Chloride for Improved Fingermark Detection on Paper', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 4-18.
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Wallace - Kunkel, C.S., Lennard, C.J., Stoilovic, M. & Roux, C.P. 2007, 'Optimisation and Evaluation of 1,2-Indanedione for Use as a Fingermark Reagent and its Application to Real Samples', Forensic Science International, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 14-26.
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1,2-Indanedione is an emerging fingermark reagent used on porous surfaces. The general consensus is that this reagent is at least as sensitive as DFO, with some research showing higher sensitivity for 1,2-indanedione as opposed to DFO.However, a number o
Benson, S.J., Lennard, C.J., Maynard, P.J. & Roux, C.P. 2006, 'Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry - A review', Forensic Science International, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 1-22.
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The key role of a forensic scientist is to assist in determining whether a crime has been committed, and if so, assist in the identification of the offender. Many people hold the belief that a particular item can be conclusively linked to a specific pers
Choi, M., McBean, K.E., Wuhrer, R., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2006, 'Investigation into the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks using scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 24-32.
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For the first time, scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks placed on nanoporous surfaces. The results show that gold nanoparticles, under standard MMDII conditions, bind preferentially to latent fingermark ridges on nonporous surfaces. Variation in surfactant concentration influences background development but does not affect the binding of gold nanoparticles to the ridges, while pH variation influences the binding to ridges but leaves valley regions unaffected.
Choi, M., McDonagh, A.M., Maynard, P.J., Wuhrer, R., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2006, 'Preparation and evaluation of metal nanopowders for the detection of fingermarks on nonporous surfaces', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 756-768.
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gold and silver nanoparticles using oleylamine as a stabilizer have been formulated for developing latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces. These nanopowders are compared with conventional powders such as black powder, black magnetic powder, aluminium powder and white powder. Gold nanopowder produced sharp and clear development of latent fingermarks without background staining. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that particles were concentrated inthe fingermark ridge areas, with only minor amounts located in the valley regions.
Bojko, K.L., O'Leary, R., Roux, C.P. & Reedy, B.J. 2006, 'Forensic analysis of bicomponent fibers using infrared chemical imaging', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 586-596.
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The application of infrared chemical imaging to the analysis of bicomponent fibers was evaluated. Eleven nominally bicomponent fibers were examined either side-on or in cross-section. In six of the 11 samples, infrared chemical imaging was able to spatia
Burger, F.J., Dawson, M., Roux, C.P., Maynard, P.J., Doble, P.A. & Kirkbride, P. 2005, 'Forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants by capillary electrophoresis', Talanta, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 368-376.
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Condoms may offer sexual assailants a simple and relatively effective means by which they may remove and dispose of the biological evidence of their contact with the victim. Without this valuable probative evidence, the investigator may need to turn to s
Cavanagh-Steer, K.L., Du Pasquier, E., Roux, C.P. & Lennard, C.J. 2005, 'The transfer and persistence of petrol on car carpets', Forensic Science International, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 71-79.
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The significance of the presence of petrol in motor vehicle fires has often been challenged due to the possibility of a natural occurrence of petrol residues inside the vehicle. Transfer and persistence studies were undertaken to investigate the potentia
Esseiva, P., Anglada, F., Dujourdy, L., Taroni, F., Margot, P., Du Pasquier, E., Dawson, M., Roux, C.P. & Doble, P.A. 2005, 'Chemical profiling and classification of illicit heroin by principal component analysis, calculation of inter sample correlation and artificial neural networks', Talanta, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 360-367.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were utilised to validate illicit drug classification in the profiling method used at Institut de Police Scientifique of the University of Lausanne (IPS). This method established links between samples using a combination
Bojko, K.L., O'Leary, R., Lennard, C.J., Roux, C.P. & Reedy, B.J. 2005, 'Forensic applications of infrared chemical imaging: Multi-layered paint chips', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 832-841.
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This paper examines the potential of infrared chemical (hyperspectral) imaging as a technique for the forensic analysis or automotive paint chips in particular, and multicomponent (e.g., layered) samples in general. Improved sample preparation procedures
Massonnet, G., Buzzini, P., Jochem, G., Stauber, M., Coyle, T., Roux, C.P., Thomas, J.M., Leijenhorst, H., van Zanten, Z., Wiggins, K.G., Russell, C., Chabli, S. & Rosengarten, A. 2005, 'Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for the analysis of colored fibers: A collaborative study', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1028-1038.
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A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six differen
Payne, G.L., Reedy, B.J., Lennard, C.J., Comber, B., Exline, D.L. & Roux, C.P. 2005, 'A further study to investigate the detection and enhancement of latent fingerprints using visible absorption and luminescence chemical imaging', Forensic Science International, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 33-51.
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This study investigated the application of chemical imaging to the detection of latent fingerprints using the Condor macroscopic chemical imaging system (ChemImage Corp., Pittsburgh, USA). Methods were developed and optimised for the visualisation of unt
Payne, G.L., Wallace - Kunkel, C.S., Reedy, B.J., Lennard, C.J., Schuler, R.L., Exline, D.L. & Roux, C.P. 2005, 'Visible and near-infrared chemical imaging methods for the analysis of selected forensic samples', Talanta, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 334-344.
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This study investigated various chemical imaging methods for the forensic analysis of paints, tapes and adhesives, inks and firearm propellants (absorption and photoluminescence in the UV-vis-NIR regions). Results obtained using chemical imaging technolo
Schiemer, C.E., Lennard, C.J., Maynard, P.J. & Roux, C.P. 2005, 'Evaluation of techniques for the detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks on black electrical tape', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 215-236.
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Tahtouh, M., Kalman, J.R., Roux, C.P., Lennard, C.J. & Reedy, B.J. 2005, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks using infrared chemical imaging', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 64-72.
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The use of a new technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical imaging, has been demonstrated for the enhancement of latent fingermarks on a number of surfaces. Images of untreated fingermarks on glass backgrounds with excellent ridge detail were
Thomas, J., Buzzini, P., Massonnet, G., Reedy, B.J. & Roux, C.P. 2005, 'Raman spectroscopy and the forensic analysis of black/grey and blue cotton fibres - Part 1. Investigation of the effects of varying laser wavelength', Forensic Science International, vol. 152, no. 38778, pp. 189-197.
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Raman spectroscopy was investigated to determine the optimal conditions, mainly laser wavelength/s, for the analysis of the commonly encountered black/grey and blue cotton fibres dyed with reactive dyes. In this first part, a single blue cotton fibre, it
Watt, R.T., Roux, C.P. & Robertson, J. 2005, 'The population of coloured textile fibres in domestic washing machines', Science & Justice, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 75-83.
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A population survey was carried out to analyse examples of the coloured fibre population that may be expected to exist in both front- and top-loading domestic washing machines during Spring, in Sydney, Australia. White cotton T-shirts were washed both in
Bojko, K.L., Maynard, P.J., Du Pasquier, E., Lennard, C.J., Stoilovic, M. & Roux, C.P. 2004, 'Evaluation of iodine-benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide spray reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks at the crime scene', Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1-9.
Paull, B., Roux, C.P., Dawson, M. & Doble, P.A. 2004, 'Rapid screening of selected organic explosives by high performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase monolithic columns', Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1-6.
Raymond, J.J., Roux, C.P., Du Pasquier, E., Sutton, J. & Lennard, C.J. 2004, 'The effect of common fingerprint detection techniques on the DNA typing of fingerprints deposited on different surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 22-44.
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DNA and fingerprints are two of the most important forms of evidence in terms o their ability to individualize person. This study investigated the effect of common fingerprint detection techniques of the recovery of DNA from fingerprints.It was found that the recovery of DNA is possible after fingerprint development using certain techniques, and that the recovery is more dependent on the surface type rather than the enhancement technique used. Fingerprints placed on plastic bags, glass microscope slides, and adhesive tape returned DNA profiles before and after treatment, which consisted of while light, UV, dactyloscopic powders, Stickyside Powder, and cyanoacrylate plus rhodamine 6G stain or VMD treatment.The profiles that were obtained from these surfaces were often found to contain contamination peaks, and at this stage, trace DNA analysis of this type may be more useful as an intelligence tool, rather than being relied upon in court for identification purposes. No DNA profiles were obatined from treated or untreated prints on paper an aluminium foil substrates.
Raymond, J.J., Walsh, S.J., Van Oorschot, R., Gunn, P. & Roux, C.P. 2004, 'Trace DNA: an underutilised resource or Pandora's Box? A review of the use of trace DNA analysis in the investigation of volume crime', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 668-686.
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Spectacular advanctes in DNA technology have greatly expanded its applicability to forensic science. As the processes become sufficiently sensitive to detect trace DNA, a vast number of crime scene samples not previously considered for analysis are now able to be tested. However, in spite of these obvious benefits, trace DNA analysis raises problems not often considered by investigators and forensic scientists. This paper discusses the history and development of trace DNA analysis. It suggests a trend of underutilisation and discusses issues surrounding its application and alternative uses for the results gained. The approach in the past has been that DNA evidence was solely employed as an absolute form of evidence and consequently, research focused primarily on increasing sensitivity and discrimination power. We are suggesting that DNA evidence should be treated as any other trace evidence. Research to provide data for basic trace evidence properties of deposit, presence, transfer and persisitence may allow trace DNA analysis to be more effectivly utilised in the investigation of crime. Together with recent developments in forensic intelligence, this research could facilitate the progressive applications of trace DNA analysis to volume crime investigations, an outcome wuth the potential to reduce the rate of volume crime and contribute to crime prevention strategies.
Wallace - Kunkel, C.S., Roux, C.P., Lennard, C.J. & Stoilovic, M. 2004, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces - a survey', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 687-705.
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Fingerprints are a common form of evidence at crime scenes and can be developed at a crime scene by powdering or by the application of physiochemical methods, such as spray reagents and cyanoacrylate fuming. Research in new ninhydrin analogues has led to the discovery of the fingerprint development potential of 1,2-indanedione. The potential of 1,2-indanedione for latent fingerprint detection on porous surfaces is extremely strong. In this study a survey was conducted of state police laboratories in Australia and New Zealand, as well as members of major fingerprint research groups and laboratories in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe to determine the type and frequency of use of fingerprint reagents applied to porous surfaces and to determine the fingerprint community?s awareness and experiences with 1,2-indanedione. Responses to the survey were received from 34 agencies consisting of 28 laboratories from 9 different countries. Survey results indicate that ninhydrin and DFO continue to be the most accepted and commonly used reagents. In total, 11 different reagents were reported to be in use to detect and enhance latent fingermarks on porous surfaces. In addition, even though most fingerprint technicians had heard of the reagent, 1,2-indanedione, only 28 percent had used it in casework. Survey results support the need for systematic research on new or improved fingerprint reagents and detection procedures.
Walsh, S.J., Ribaux, O., Buckleton, J.S., Ross, A.M. & Roux, C.P. 2004, 'DNA profiling and criminal justice - a contribution to a changing debate', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 34-43.
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Forensic DNA profiling is now a routine feature of the criminal justice system in Australia. Its appliations in this context continue to increase. Technological advancements and the use of DNA databases have facilitated the uptake of biological evidence into criminal investigations. The development of DNA methodology has progressed through discernible phases thay have been paralleled by discussion amongst the legal community. The context of development and the associated debate has changed. It now encompasses broader issues, concerned less specifically with the technology itself and more with the most appropriate means for its use. To contribute more purposefully to this debate and to achieve the most meaningful outcomes from the criminal justice system, we must first understand more holistically the role that DNA evidence plays and the impact that it is capable of. This paper reviews aspects of the forensic and legal contexts of the use of DNA technology in the Justice system. This is a prelude to future research and a justification for the need for such research.
Casamento, S.G., Kwok, B.K., Roux, C.P., Dawson, M. & Doble, P.A. 2003, 'Optimization of the separation of organic explosives by capillary electrophoresis with artificial neural networks', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1075-1083.
Doble, P.A., Sandercock, P.M., Du Pasquier, E., Petocz, P., Roux, C.P. & Dawson, M. 2003, 'Classification. of premium and regular gasoline by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, principal component analysis and artificial neural networks', Forensic Science International, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 26-39.
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Detection and correct classification of gasoline is important for both arson and fuel spill investigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify premium and regular gasolines from gas chromatography?mass spectrometry (GC?MS) spectral data obtained from gasoline sold in Canada over one calendar year. Depending upon the dataset used for training and tests, around 80?93% of the samples were correctly classified as either premium or regular gasoline using the Mahalanobis distances calculated from the principal components scores. Only 48?62% of the samples were correctly classified when the premium and regular gasoline samples were divided further into their winter/summer sub-groups. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained to recognise premium and regular gasolines from the same GC?MS data. The best-performing ANN correctly identified all samples as either a premium or regular grade. Approximately 97% of the premium and regular samples were correctly classified according to their winter or summer sub-group.
Exline, D.L., Wallace - Kunkel, C.S., Roux, C.P., Lennard, C.J., Nelson, M.P. & Treado, P. 2003, 'Forensic applications of chemical imaging: Latent fingerprint detection using visible absorption and luminescence', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1047-1053.
Jones, N., Lennard, C.J., Stoilovic, M. & Roux, C.P. 2003, 'An evaluation of multimetal deposition II', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 444-479.
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Jones, N., Kelly, M., Stoilovic, M., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2003, 'The development of latent fingerprints on polymer banknotes', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 50-77.
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Polymer (plastic) banknotes have completely replaced traditional paper banknotes in Australia and New Zealand. They are also used in many other countries to varying extents. These banknotes, especially older ones and ones with aged prints, present challenges for latent fingerprint development. A preliminary study examined the effectiveness of a wide range of development techniques but none of the routine detection techniques employed were able to develop prints older than 7 days. In the present study, further research was conducted to optimize a particular development sequence. Australian polymer banknote samples were obtained from the Reserve Bank of Australia. Visual examination of the degree of wear of the printed inks was used to classify the banknotes into five wear categories. Category 1 notes were those with the least wear and category 5 notes were those notes with the most wear. The vacuum metal deposition (VMD) unit used in this research was designed and manufactured specifically for latent fingerprint development. Results show that the recommended procedure for the development of latent prints on polymer banknotes incorporates a particular sequence. The sequence involves optical examination, immediate treatment with cyanoacrylate fuming, examination of the banknote, treatment by VMD, examination and recording of developed prints using diffused reflected light, further treatment by VMD (gold and zinc), luminescent staining, and examination and recording of developed prints. The success of the procedure is affected by the wear of the individual notes. The more worn a note is the less likely good quality prints will be developed.
Langdon, S.M., Maynard, P.J., Robertson, J. & Roux, C.P. 2003, 'An evaluation of the Maxcan fibre finder version 3.3 on cotton fibres', Forensic Science International, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 137-145.
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The Maxcan fibre finder system is a product of Cox Analytical Systems, Sweden, and has been developed for the primary purpose of searching for fibres on tape lifts. This paper evaluates the ability of the Maxcan system to search for different fibre types and colours under varying conditions. The system performed effectively in most situations, although it did have problems with some search combinations that a human operator would also find difficult in a manual search. The Maxcan system has the added advantages of being objective, consistent and able to do large batch searches unattended. These attributes make it very useful where a large number of tapes need to be searched in casework and also in research where large quantities of data need to be gathered within a reasonable time.
Armitage, S., Saywell, S., Roux, C.P., Lennard, C.J. & Greenwood, P.F. 2001, 'The Analysis of Forensic Samples Using Laser micro-Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1043-1052.
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Laser micropyrolysis gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry is used for the analysis of paint, photocopier toner, and
synthetic fiber materials to test the forensic potential of this emerging
technology. It uses a laser microprobe to selectively target very
small parts of the materials for GC-MS analysis. Whereas the paint
and the toner samples were amenable to direct laser pyrolysis, the
synthetic fibers proved transparent to the 1064 nm laser radiation.
The difficulty with the fibers demonstrates that a specific laser wavelength
may not be appropriate for all types of materials. Nevertheless,
the fibers were able to be indirectly pyrolyzed by impregnation
in a strongly absorbing graphite matrix. A vast array of hydrocarbon
pyrolysates was detected from the different materials studied.
Unique product distributions were detected from each sample and in
sufficient detail to facilitate individual molecular characterization
(i.e., molecular fingerprinting). The integrity of the laser data were
confirmed by comparison to data obtained from the same samples by
the more conventional pyroprobe pyrolysis GC-MS method. The
high spatial resolution and selectivity of the laser method may be advantageous
for specific forensic applications, however, further work
may be required to improve the reproducibility of the data.
Cantrell, S., Roux, C.P., Maynard, P.J. & Robertson, J. 2001, 'A Textile Fibre Survey as an Aid to the Interpretation of Fibre Evidence in the Sydney Region', Forensic Science International, vol. 123, pp. 48-53.
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Frequency figures of the fibre population on textile cinema seats were measured in Sydney, Australia, in winter. Sixteen
seats were analysed from a very popular cinema complex, with 3025 fibres classified according to colour, generic class and
fluorescence properties (100 grey?black cotton fibres only). The recovered fibres were mostly natural fibres (84%) with cotton
the most common generic type (70%). On the contrary, man made fibres were relatively rare (15%) with rayon constituting the
majority of these (51%). The most common colour/generic class combinations were grey?black cotton (33%) and blue cotton
(30%) accounting for 63% of the total population. All other frequencies were below 5%, most below 1% using only the two
properties of colour and generic class. Fluorescence properties were found to be very discriminating as far as grey?black
cotton fibres were concerned. These features are considered and discussed and in particular, to emphasise the significance of
fibres as evidence of contact.
Conn, C., Ramsay, G., Roux, C.P. & Lennard, C.J. 2001, 'The Effect of Metal Salt Treatment on the Photoluminescence of DFO-Treated Fingerprints', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, pp. 117-123.
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Ninhydrin developed ?ngerprints can be enhanced by treatment with a zinc or cadmium salt. The resulting ?ngerprint
luminescence has been attributed to the induced coplanarity of the bicyclic indanedione rings of Ruhemann's purple due to
complexation with the metal ions. This paper explores whether this effect also occurs in the 1,8-diaza-9-?uorenone (DFO)-
amino acid adduct (1), formed from the reaction of DFO with amino acids. Molecular modeling studies of (1) indicate a
relatively small out-of-plane angle of 248. 1H NMR studies indicate (1) is asymmetric about the C2 axis in contrast to what has
been previously reported. Little, if any, enhancement of luminescence was observed with Zn, Cd, Ru or Eu treated DFO
developed latent ?ngerprints. This lack of enhancement was also borne out by solution luminescence studies. Given this lack
of enhancement of luminescence, solutions of (1) and the four metal ions above were analyzed by electrospray mass
spectrometry (ESMS). This indicated the formation of predominantly 1:1 complexes of (1) with both Zn and Cd, and the 2:1
complex with ruthenium. No evidence of a Eu complex was found by ESMS.
Jones, N., Mansour, D., Stoilovic, M., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2001, 'The Influence of Polymer Type Print Donor and Age on the Quality of Fingerprints Developed on Plastic Substrate Using Vacuum Metal Deposition', Forensic Science International, vol. 124, pp. 167-177.
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This study investigated fingerprint development on five different polymer substrates using vacuum metal deposition (VMD).
The conditions required for optimum development are shown to depend on a number of factors. No one set of conditions will
result in good development in all situations. Polymer type has been confirmed as a major factor in determining the types of
development that will occur and the optimum VMD conditions required. For more consistently successful VMD development,
polymer type should be determined before selecting conditions. While polymer type is a key factor in determining optimum
development conditions, there may be variation of the optimum conditions within a polymer type, most likely due to the
presence of additives in the plastic. The heaviness of a latent print, i.e. amount of residue that constitutes the print, also affects
the VMD conditions required. The donor, manner of deposition, and age of a print affect the heaviness of the deposit. The
heavier the print, the higher the gold count necessary for successful VMD development. The occurrence of ?empty prints? (i.e.
zinc deposition on the general background but not on or between the print ridges) was found to be related to polymer type and
print heaviness. Heavy prints on PVC and PET are the most likely to be ?empty? after VMD treatment. The development of
empty prints may be due to the diffusion of print residue into the print valleys. Pre-treatment with cyanoacrylate fuming was
also found to affect VMD development. In particular, it was shown that cyanoacrylate pre-treatment was beneficial for print
development on PET and PVC. The results of this study were used to formulate guidelines for use as an aid by laboratories
using VMD in casework.
Jones, N., Stoilovic, M., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2001, 'Vacuum Metal Deposition: Developing Latent Fingerprints on Polyethylene Substrates After th Deposition of Excess Gold', Forensic Science International, vol. 123, pp. 5-12.
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Jones, N., Stoilovic, M., Lennard, C.J. & Roux, C.P. 2001, 'Vacuum Metal Deposition: Factors Affecting Normal and Reverse Development of Latent Fingerprints on Polyethylene Substrates', Forensic Science International, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 73-88.
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Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) is an established technique for the development of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. VMD has advantages over cyanoacrylate fuming, especially in circumstances where prints are old, have been exposed to adverse environmental conditions, or are present on semi-porous surfaces. Under normal circumstances, VMD produces `negative? prints as zinc deposits onto the background substrate and not the print ridges themselves. A phenomenon of `reverse? development, when zinc deposits onto the print ridges and not the background, has been reported by many authors but its causes have not been conclusively identified.
Four plastic substrates were used in this study and these could be easily divided into two groups based on the types of development observed as the amount of deposited gold was increased. On group I plastics, identified as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), normal development then reverse development and finally no development resulted with increasing gold. On group II plastics, identified as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), normal development then over-development and finally poor-quality normal development resulted with increasing gold. Our results suggest that the difference between these plastic types causes variations in the gold film structure which in turn dictates the nature of the zinc deposition.
On group I plastics, the structure and thickness of the gold film has been identified as the critical factor in the occurrence of normal or reverse development. Thin gold films on plastic substrates form small `clusters? (or agglomerates) rather than the atoms being uniformly spread over the surface. The size and shape of these clusters is critical. Once the clusters reach a certain morphology, they no longer act as nucleation sites for zinc, and hence, zinc will not deposit onto the substrate.
Maynard, P.J., Allwell, K., Roux, C.P., Dawson, M. & Royds, D. 2001, 'A Protocol for the Forensic Analysis of Condom and Personal Lubricants Found in Sexual Assault Cases', Forensic Science International, vol. 124, pp. 140-156.
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Maynard, P.J., Gates, K., Roux, C.P. & Lennard, C.J. 2001, 'Adhesive Tape Analysis: Establishing th Evidential Value of Specific Techniques', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 280-287.
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This study investigated the evidential value of specific
methods of analysis for packaging tapes and clear adhesive
tapes available in Australia. Fifty-eight adhesive tapes were analyzed
using a wide range of optical, physical, and chemical techniques.
The results were collated for the purpose of creating an Australian
database of adhesive tapes, which would be of assistance in
criminal investigation. Each technique was evaluated for its discriminating
power, both for comparative purposes and for the identification
of adhesive tapes by comparing unknown samples with the
database. The combined discriminating power of the techniques applied
is very high. It is possible to individually identify the source of
an unknown adhesive tape sample in many instances by searching
the database. It is also possible to form an opinion on the significance
of a failure-to-discriminate result in comparative casework. Further
work is still needed to expand and update the database, as well as
compiling data on the relative market share of various products.
Roux, C.P., Huttunen, J.E., Rampling, K. & Robertson, J. 2001, 'Factors Affecting the potential for the Fibre Contamination in Purpose-Designed Forensic Search Rooms', Science & Justice, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 135-144.
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Roux, C.P., Kirk, R., Benson, S.J., Van Haren, T. & Petterd, C. 2001, 'Glass Particles in Footwear of members of the Public in South Eastern Australia - A Survey', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, pp. 149-156.
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A total of 776 pairs of shoes collected from random members of the public in south-eastern Australia were examined for the
presence of glass fragments. From the samples collected a total of 110 fragments were recovered from 57 pairs of shoes (7.3%
of the pairs examined). This study shows that the prevalence of glass fragments in footwear is dependent upon the area of the
shoe from which the fragments were recovered. A much higher percentage of shoes were found to have fragments embedded
in the sole (5.9%) than in the upper area of the shoe (1.9%). These shoes were also more likely to have multiple fragments
from multiple sources of glass. Only a very small percentage of shoes contained fragments in both the upper and the sole
(0.3%). These ?ndings and their signi?cance for the interpretation of glass evidence involving footwear are discussed in this
study.
Maynard, P.J., Gates, K., Roux, C.P. & Lennard, C.J. 2000, 'Adhesive Taper Analysis: Establishing the Evidential Value of Specific Techniques', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 280-287.
Roux, C.P., Jones, N., Lennard, C.J. & Stoilovic, M. 2000, 'Evaluation of 1,2-Indanedione and 5,6-Dimethoxy-1,2-Indanedione for the Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 761-769.
Roux, C.P., Kirk, R., Benson, S.J., Van Haran, T. & Petterd, C. 2000, 'Glass Particles in Footwear of Members of the Public in South-Eastern Australia - A Survey', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, no. 0, pp. 149-156.
Roux, C.P., Bull, S., Goulding, J. & Lennard, C.J. 2000, 'Tracing the Source of Illicit Drugs Through Plastic Packaging - a Database', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 99-114.
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Common plastic drug packaging material available in Australia and in Asia was analyzed using a standard protocol including optical examination, UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The aims were to determine whether there are significant differences between different sources, to establish the evidential value of these examinations, and to build a database of common packaging material. Visual examination was the most effective means for discriminating samples. Thickness and weight measurements provided useful information. Visualization of machining marks using crossed polarized light was found to be useful in the comparison process. UV-visible spectrophotometry has some value for distinguishing samples. Fourier transform infrared analysis was a good technique for determination of the polymer composition of the packaging. Significant differences were observed between Australian and overseas samples. The "Australian Database of Drug Packaging Materials" was created to systematically collate all of the collected data for application on personal computers. It is concluded that the properties of plastic packaging materials can be excellent indicators for identifying the specfic brand or origin of the packaging.
